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Matter
পদার্থ অনু ও পরমাণু
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter consists of atoms that are divisible and composed of protons, neutrons and electrons.
পদার্থ যা ভর আছে এবং স্থান দখল করে। পদার্থ এমন পরমাণু নিয়ে গঠিত যা বিভাজ্য এবং প্রোটন, নিউট্রন এবং ইলেকট্রন দ্বারা গঠিত।
Matter is defined as anything which occupies space and has mass. It can be perceived by our sense of smell, touch, sight, hearing and taste.
Matter is composed of tiny particles known as atoms.
পদার্থ এমন কিছু যা স্থান দখল করে এবং ভর রয়েছে। এটি আমাদের ঘ্রাণ, স্পর্শ, দৃষ্টি, শ্রবণ এবং স্বাদ দ্বারা উপলব্ধি করা যায়। পদার্থ ক্ষুদ্র ক্ষুদ্র কণা দ্বারা গঠিত যা পরমাণু নামে পরিচিত।
Important points
Matter has mass and occupies space.
Matter is made up of atoms and molecules.
Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existence.
Molecules are capable of independent existence. They are made up of atoms of the same kind or different kinds.
The atoms and molecules are in random motion.
There are gaps between the molecules of matter called intermolecular space.
There exists a force of attraction between the molecules known as intermolecular force of attraction.
Matter exists in three states : solids, liquid and gas.
Matter can change from one state to another on changing temperature and pressure.
The change of state of a matter from one form into another is called interconversion of states of matter.
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ পয়েন্ট
পদার্থের ভর আছে এবং স্থান দখল করে।
পদার্থ পরমাণু এবং অণু দ্বারা গঠিত।
পরমাণু হল পদার্থের ক্ষুদ্রতম কণা যার স্বাধীন অস্তিত্ব থাকতে পারে বা নাও থাকতে পারে।
অণু স্বাধীন অস্তিত্বের জন্য সক্ষম। এগুলি একই ধরণের বা বিভিন্ন ধরণের পরমাণু দিয়ে তৈরি।
পরমাণু এবং অণুগুলি এলোমেলো গতিতে রয়েছে।
পদার্থের অণুগুলির মধ্যে ফাঁক রয়েছে যাকে আন্তঃআণবিক স্থান বলা হয়।
আন্তঃআণবিক আকর্ষণ বল নামে পরিচিত অণুগুলির মধ্যে একটি আকর্ষণ বল বিদ্যমান।
পদার্থ তিনটি অবস্থায় বিদ্যমান: কঠিন, তরল এবং গ্যাস।
তাপমাত্রা এবং চাপের পরিবর্তনে পদার্থ এক অবস্থা থেকে অন্য অবস্থায় পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে।
পদার্থের অবস্থার এক রূপ থেকে অন্য রূপের পরিবর্তনকে পদার্থের অবস্থার আন্তঃরূপান্তর বলে।
PLASMA
The three states of matter are
(a) Solids - it has a definite shape and volume.1. Solids- These are the substances where the constituent particles (atoms or molecules) are held together so tightly, that it is impossible for them to move from there position. They have definite shape and fixed volume.
Example - wood, iron,ice etc.
(b) Liquid - it has a definite volume but not definite shape.2. Liquids - These are the substances where forces between the particles are weak enough to allow their movement. They don't have a specific shape but they have specific volume.
Example - water, milk, oil etc.
(c) Gases - it neither has definite shape nor a definite volume.3. Gasses - These substances have very weak forces between their particles. This causes the constituent particles to move freely. They have neither fixed shape nor a definite volume. They tend to completely occupy the container in which they are placed.
Example - air, hydrogen, oxygen etc.
Plasma: is the fourth state of matter. Inside the sun and the stars, the temperature is so high that the atoms break up to give a mixture of free electrons and ions. This mixture is called plasma, which makes the sun and other stars glow. When electricity is passed through gases (at very low pressures) in a glass tube, plasma is generated. Gases present in neon sign bulbs and fluorescent tubes get ionized to form plasma when electricity is passed through them. This plasma makes them glow.
পদার্থের তিনটি অবস্থা
(a) কঠিন পদার্থ - এর একটি নির্দিষ্ট আকৃতি এবং আয়তন রয়েছে।1. কঠিন পদার্থ- এগুলি এমন পদার্থ যেখানে উপাদান কণাগুলি (পরমাণু বা অণু) এত শক্তভাবে একত্রিত হয় যে তাদের পক্ষে সেখান থেকে সরানো অসম্ভব। তাদের নির্দিষ্ট আকৃতি এবং নির্দিষ্ট আয়তন আছে।
উদাহরণ- কাঠ, লোহা, বরফ ইত্যাদি।
(b) তরল - এর একটি নির্দিষ্ট আয়তন আছে কিন্তু নির্দিষ্ট আকৃতি নেই।2. তরল - এগুলি এমন পদার্থ যেখানে কণাগুলির মধ্যে আকর্ষণ শক্তিগুলি যথেষ্ট দুর্বল তাদের চলাচলের অনুমতি দেওয়া রয়েছে।। তাদের একটি নির্দিষ্ট আকৃতি নেই তবে তাদের নির্দিষ্ট আয়তন রয়েছে।
উদাহরণ- জল, দুধ, তেল ইত্যাদি।
(c) গ্যাস - এর নির্দিষ্ট আকার বা নির্দিষ্ট আয়তন নেই।3. গ্যাস - এই পদার্থগুলির কণাগুলির মধ্যে খুব দুর্বল আকর্ষণ বল রয়েছে। এর ফলে উপাদান কণাগুলি অবাধে চলাচল করতে পারে। তাদের নির্দিষ্ট আকার বা নির্দিষ্ট আয়তন নেই। তারা যে পাত্রে স্থাপন করা হয় তা সম্পূর্ণরূপে দখল করার প্রবণতা রাখে।
উদাহরণ- বায়ু, হাইড্রোজেন, অক্সিজেন ইত্যাদি।
Properties of Matter:
Every substance has a unique set of properties or characteristics that allow us to recognize it and to distinguish it from other substances. Properties of matter can be grouped into two categories:
Physical properties are those characteristics that can be observed without changing the basic identity of the substance, for example colour, odour, hardness, melting point, boiling point and density. Example of physical properties: Mercury is a liquid at room temperature, potassium has a melting point of 63 ᵒC, and copper metal can be drawn into thin wires.
Chemical properties describe the ways a substance may change or react to from other substances. Example of chemical properties: Iron metal rusts in moist atmosphere, nickel dissolves in acid to give a green solution, magnesium bums in presence of oxygen.
Difference between Mass and Weight
Composition of Matter
Matter is made of tiny particles (atoms or molecules) which are so small that we cannot see them even with a high power microscope. These particles of matter are constantly moving. When a beam of sunlight enters a room, tiny dust particles can be seen moving rapidly in a very. haphazard way. This happens because these dust particles are constantly hit by the particles of air which are moving very fast. The zigzag movement of the small particles suspended in a liquid or gas is called Brownian motion. An increase in temperature increases Brownian motion.
Some of the real life situations involving diffusion are:
We can smell the food cooking in neighbour’s kitchen, the fragrance of burning incense stick or the smell of perfume because of diffusion.
The leakage of cooking gas can be easily detected due to diffusion of ethyl mercaptan (a strong smelling substance present in cooking gas) into the air.
The spreading of ink or any colour in water is also an example of diffusion.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen present in air diffuse into water in river and seas. This carbon dioxide is used by aquatic plants to prepare food by photosynthesis and the oxygen is used by aquatic animals for breathing.
Spreading of virus on sneezing is also because of diffusion.
The smallest particle of any substance which can exist independently and retain the physical and chemical properties of the substance, made up of one or different elements is a molecule. Molecules are divisible into atoms further. For example, oxygen atom is represented as O, oxygen molecule is represented as O2.
Molecules are made up of one or more atoms. If they contain more than one atom, the atoms can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms.
Composition of Matter
Matter is made of tiny particles (atoms or molecules) which are so small that we cannot see them even with a high power microscope. These particles of matter are constantly moving. When a beam of sunlight enters a room, tiny dust particles can be seen moving rapidly in a very. haphazard way. This happens because these dust particles are constantly hit by the particles of air which are moving very fast. The zigzag movement of the small particles suspended in a liquid or gas is called Brownian motion. An increase in temperature increases Brownian motion.
Some of the real life situations involving diffusion are:
We can smell the food cooking in neighbour’s kitchen, the fragrance of burning incense stick or the smell of perfume because of diffusion.
The leakage of cooking gas can be easily detected due to diffusion of ethyl mercaptan (a strong smelling substance present in cooking gas) into the air.
The spreading of ink or any colour in water is also an example of diffusion.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen present in air diffuse into water in river and seas. This carbon dioxide is used by aquatic plants to prepare food by photosynthesis and the oxygen is used by aquatic animals for breathing.
Spreading of virus on sneezing is also because of diffusion.
The smallest particle of any substance which can exist independently and retain the physical and chemical properties of the substance, made up of one or different elements is a molecule. Molecules are divisible into atoms further. For example, oxygen atom is represented as O, oxygen molecule is represented as O2.Molecules are made up of one or more atoms. If they contain more than one atom, the atoms can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms.
There are two types of molecules :
1. Molecules of an element : Molecule of an element is made up of only one kind of atom. For example
O3,N2,P4,S8,
2. Molecules of compound : Molecule of a compound is made up of two or more different kinds of atoms in a fixed ratio. For example
CH4,H2O,NH3,
An atom is any particle of matter at its most basic level which contains at least one proton. Here are some examples of the atoms: hydrogen (H) and neon (Ne).
Different Kinds of Atoms
Description. Atoms are made of tiny particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. ...
Stable. Most atoms are stable. ...
Isotopes. Every atom is a chemical element, like hydrogen, iron or chlorine. ...
Radioactive. Some atoms have too many neutrons in the nucleus, which makes them unstable. ...
Ions. ...
Antimatter, substance composed of subatomic particles that have the mass, electric charge, and magnetic moment of the electrons, protons, and neutrons of ordinary matter but for which the electric charge and magnetic moment are opposite in sign
Who discovered atom?
John Dalton
Classification Of Matter
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition (meaning that it is the same everywhere) and properties that are constant throughout the sample (meaning that there is only one set of properties such as melting point, color, boiling point, etc. throughout the matter).
A material composed of two or more substances is a mixture. Elements and compounds are both examples of pure substances.
A substance that cannot be broken down into chemically simpler components is an element. Aluminum, which is used in soda cans, is an element.
A substance that can be broken down into chemically simpler components (because it has more than one element) is a compound. For example, water is a compound composed of the elements hydrogen and oxygen.
Today, there are about 118 elements in the known universe. In contrast, scientists have identified tens of millions of different compounds to date
Ordinary table salt is called sodium chloride. It is considered a substance because it has a uniform and definite composition. All samples of sodium chloride are chemically identical. Water is also a pure substance. Salt easily dissolves in water, but salt water cannot be classified as a substance because its composition can vary. You may dissolve a small amount of salt or a large amount into a given amount of water.
A mixture is a physical blend of two or more components, each of which retains its own identity and properties in the mixture. Only the form of the salt is changed when it is dissolved into water. It retains its composition and properties.
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture. The salt water described above is homogeneous because the dissolved salt is evenly distributed throughout the entire salt water sample. Often it is easy to confuse a homogeneous mixture with a pure substance because they are both uniform. The difference is that the composition of the substance is always the same. The amount of salt in the salt water can vary from one sample to another. All solutions are considered homogeneous because the dissolved material is present in the same amount throughout the solution.
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture. Vegetable soup is a heterogeneous mixture. Any given spoonful of soup will contain varying amounts of the different vegetables and other components of the soup.
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